#History

Sugar Research Foundation Project 226 funded the 1967 McGandy–Hegsted–Stare *NEJM* literature review that elevated fat and downplayed sucrose while omitting SRF’s role. Kearns, Schmidt, and Glantz’s 2016 *JAMA Internal Medicine* analysis of university-archive industry documents reconstructs that playbook; a 2015 *PLOS Medicine* sibling shows agenda-setting on federal caries research.

Above Cusco, the zigzag terraces of Sacsayhuamán still stop cameras for the same reason they stop engineers: polygonal blocks of andesite and related stone fitted without mortar, joints tight enough that tourist knives become folklore props. Spanish accounts and later archaeology place the complex in the Inca imperial building program that remade Cuzco under Pachacuti and his successors.

Ohio’s Newark Earthworks—Great Circle and Octagon—sit inside the Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks serial property UNESCO inscribed in 2023. NPS, Ohio History Connection, and OSU research hubs document Hopewell ceremonial landscapes and the Octagon lease settlement. Prefer WH and state-park paperwork over lost-race or golf-course overlay folklore.

CIA/Air Force film-return reconnaissance satellites (1959/60–1972), publicly covered as Discoverer, resolved the missile-gap debate with overhead IMINT. President Clinton's EO 12951 (24 Feb 1995) declassified CORONA/ARGON/LANYARD imagery—one of the largest intelligence declass projects.

In 1981, French intelligence ran KGB Col. Vladimir Vetrov ('Farewell'), who supplied roughly 4,000 documents on Soviet Line X scientific-technical theft. Mitterrand briefed Reagan; CIA/NATO mounted a counterintelligence response including altered technology.

Lawrence Livermore / AEC–Air Force Project Pluto (1957–1964) built Tory nuclear ramjet reactors for a proposed Supersonic Low-Altitude Missile (SLAM). Ground tests succeeded; the flying doomsday cruise missile was cancelled.

Charles K. Johnson and later flat-Earth adherents had a favorite visual: the United Nations emblem and flag—a circular world map centered on the North Pole, continents radiating outward, southern latitudes stretched toward a ring, all wrapped in olive branches. Adherents read that image as an official admission: Earth presented flat, Antarctica as an ice wall around the rim, the UN itself…

On the Old Bedford River in the Cambridgeshire Fens, Samuel Rowbotham (1838) reported a boat flag remaining visible over roughly six miles from a low telescope; John Hampden’s 1870 wager, Wallace’s theodolite redesign, Oldham’s 1901 photographs, and modern laser restages keep the canal at the center of flat-Earth experimental citation.

Piltdown Man (*Eoanthropus dawsoni*) was announced at the Geological Society in 1912 as a British missing link, held textbook status under NHM curation, and was dismantled in the 1953 Weiner/Oakley/Le Gros Clark museum bulletin. 2016 RSOS/NHM multi-method work points to Charles Dawson as likely primary forger—documented scientific fraud with a museum paper trail, not paleocontact folklore.

In March 2003 the SEC charged HealthSouth and Richard Scrushy with massive earnings and asset overstatement; former CFO Weston Smith and other executives pleaded guilty in the DOJ probe. Scrushy was acquitted of Birmingham criminal fraud counts in 2005; a 2007 SEC civil final judgment imposed disgorgement, penalties, and an officer-director bar. Living-person court/Commission verbs only.

On 15 December 2008 Siemens AG and three subsidiaries resolved U.S. FCPA criminal and SEC civil cases, paying $800 million to U.S. authorities while Munich’s parallel resolution helped push the global total above $1.6 billion. Plea agreements, the SEC complaint, and DOJ sentencing paper document systematic bribery and books-and-records failures.

After Samuel Shenton’s death, Charles K. Johnson ran IFERS of America and Covenant People’s Church from Lancaster, California, issuing Flat Earth News, claiming peak membership near 3,500, and giving NASA/Hollywood moonshot-fraud form to American flat-Earth culture until his death on 19 Mar 2001.

On 7 January 2009, Satyam chairman B. Ramalinga Raju emailed a confession that cash balances, receivables, and profits had been fabricated for years (including ~₹5,040 crore nonexistent cash in the letter's framing). SEBI/CBI processes, a court-supervised sale to Tech Mahindra, and restated accounts followed—India's Enron-class IT scandal with a primary-source confession on EDGAR.

NRO’s Quill (P-40) launched on 21 December 1964 as the first U.S. experimental orbital synthetic-aperture radar satellite, imaging selected U.S. targets only to validate propagation and intelligence value without foreign illumination protests. Declassified NRO histories and a 2011 lecture packet document a short, successful proof-of-concept—not an operational worldwide radar fleet.

Wilbur Glenn Voliva, General Overseer of Zion, Illinois’s Christian Catholic community, preached a flat Earth in *Leaves of Healing*, directed church schools against globular astronomy, and broadcast on station WCBD beginning in 1923. Commerce Department and Federal Radio Commission monitoring treated WCBD as a sectarian specialty station. Digitized Zion serials and radio-history research doors document that institutional reception under contested clearance; the page refuses science-dismiss baptism.

Unusual put-option volume on airline and other stocks in the days before 11 September 2001 is a perennial adherent exhibit—anchored by Poteshman (2006) finding patterns consistent with informed trading, and by the 9/11 Commission paragraph on SEC–FBI tracing.

In March 1924, ploughing at the Champ des Morts near Ferrières-sur-Sichon in the Allier turned up objects that a local farming family, the Fradins, and their early supporters soon presented as a sensational prehistoric site. Tablets with unknown signs, idols, bones, and ceramics filled a private museum.

After CEO Michael Woodford was ousted in October 2011, Olympus disclosed a decades-long tobashi scheme that hid investment losses via inflated M&A advisory fees and receiver funds. Company Third Party Committee reports (Dec 2011 / Jan 2012) and Japan's SESC recommendation (13 April 2012) map the mechanism and Kikukawa-era governance failure.

Runit Dome on Enewetak Atoll caps an unlined Cactus crater holding >100,000 cubic yards of plutonium-contaminated cleanup debris. DOE Reports to Congress (2020 status; 2024 climate) stress stable structure and doses; the same packets record groundwater communication with the lagoon and host-nation distrust of a U.S.-built lid left after Compact claims settlement.

On 29 September 1957 a Mayak cooling failure produced a chemical explosion in high-level waste tanks and the East Urals Radioactive Trace. Soviet posture was decades of non-acknowledgment; IAEA INFCIRC/368 (1989) and NRC/CIA FOIA trails document ~2 MCi offsite deposition and U.S. intelligence awareness years before public disclosure.

From 1967–1972 Operation Popeye ran non-publicized cloud-seeding interdiction over Ho Chi Minh Trail corridors. FRUS Doc 274 shows State already debating weather-warfare precedent; 1974 Senate hearings forced DoD admission of thousands of sorties; ENMOD later banned hostile environmental modification.

Jonathan Jay Pollard, a U.S. Navy intelligence analyst, pleaded guilty on 4 June 1986 to conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 794(c) and was sentenced to life on 4 March 1987. The D.C. Circuit opinion, NARA ISCAP Weinberger affidavit, and National Security Archive sentencing packets document the plea spine. Living-person care: court verbs only.

In the tenth century, the Khmer court at Koh Ker—Lingapura—raised sandstone temples and narrative sculpture ensembles north of Angkor. Centuries later, during Cambodia’s civil war and Khmer Rouge years, looters detached figures from pedestals at sites such as Prasat Chen and fed them into international antiquities networks. In the twenty-first century, U.S.

In 1938, while digging a cistern in his compound at Igbo-Ukwu in southeastern Nigeria, Isaiah Anozie struck bronze. From 1959 to 1964 Thurstan Shaw excavated Igbo Isaiah, Igbo Richard, and Igbo Jonah for the Nigerian Department of Antiquities; radiocarbon clustering around the ninth century CE collided with colonial-era folklore that sophisticated copper-alloy casting in the region “should” be later.